Recurrent events

Klaus Holst & Thomas Scheike

2025-01-11

Overview

For recurrent events data it is often of interest to compute basic descriptive quantities to get some basic understanding of the phenonmenon studied. We here demonstrate how one can compute:

• the marginal mean
  • efficient marginal mean estimation
• the Ghosh-Lin Cox type regression for the marginal mean, possibly with composite outcomes.
  • efficient regression augmentation of the Ghosh-Lin model
• the variance of a recurrent events process
• the probability of exceeding k events
• the two-stage recurrent events model

We also show how to improve the efficiency of recurrents events marginal mean.

In addition several tools can be used for simulating recurrent events and bivariate recurrent events data, also with a possible terminating event:

• recurrent events up to two causes and death, given rates of survivors and death on Cox form.
  • frailty extenstions
• the Ghosh-Lin model when the survival rate is on Cox form.
  • frailty extenstions
• The general illness death model with cox models for all hazards.

For bivariate recurrent events we also compute summary measures that describe their dependence such as

• the covariance
• directional dependence
• the bivariate probability of exceeding $(k_1,k_2)$ events

Simulation of recurrents events

We start by simulating some recurrent events data with two type of events with cumulative hazards

• $\Lambda_1(t)$ (rate among survivors)
• $\Lambda_2(t)$ (rate among survivors)
• $\Lambda_D(t)$

where we consider types 1 and 2 and with a rate of the terminal event given by $\Lambda_D(t)$. We let the events be independent, but could also specify a random effects structure to generate dependence.

When simulating data we can impose various random-effects structures to generate dependence

• Dependence=0: The intensities can be independent.

• Dependence=1: We can one gamma distributed random effects $Z$. Then the intensities are

  • $Z \lambda_1(t)$
  • $Z \lambda_2(t)$
  • $Z \lambda_D(t)$

• Dependence=2: We can draw normally distributed random effects $Z_1,Z_2,Z_d$ were the variance (var.z) and correlation can be specified (cor.mat). Then the intensities are

  • $\exp(Z_1) \lambda_1(t)$
  • $\exp(Z_2) \lambda_2(t)$
  • $\exp(Z_3) \lambda_D(t)$

• Dependence=3: We can draw gamma distributed random effects $Z_1,Z_2,Z_d$ were the sum-structure can be speicifed via a matrix cor.mat. We compute $\tilde Z_j = \sum_k Z_k^{cor.mat(j,k)}$ for $j=1,2,3$.
  Then the intensities are

  • $\tilde Z_1 \lambda_1(t)$
  • $\tilde Z_2 \lambda_2(t)$
  • $\tilde Z_3 \lambda_D(t)$

We return to how to run the different set-ups later and start by simulating independent processes.

The key functions are

• simRecurrent
  • simple simulation with only one event type and death
• simRecurrentII
  • extended version with possibly multiple types of recurrent events (but rates can be 0)
  • Allows Cox types rates with subject specific rates
• simRecurrentIII
  • lists are allowed for multiple events and cause of death (competing risks)
  • Allows Cox types rates with subject specific rates
• sim.recurrent to simulate from Cox-Cox (marginals) or Ghosh-Lin-Cox

In addition we can simulate data from the Ghosh-Lin model and where marginals of the rates among survivors are on on Cox form

• simGLcox
  • can simulate data from Ghosh-Lin model (also simRecurrentCox)
  • with frailties
    • where survival model for terminal event is on Cox form
  • can simulate data where rates among survivors are are con Cox form
    • with frailties

see examples below for specific models.

Utility functions

We here mention two utility functions

• tie.breaker for breaking ties among jump-times which is expected in the functions below.
• count.history that counts the number of jumps previous for each subject that is $N_1(t-)$ and $N_2(t-)$.

Marginal Mean

We start by estimating the marginal mean $E(N_1(t \wedge D))$ where $D$ is the timing of the terminal event. The marginal mean is the average number of events seen before time $t$.

This is based on a rate model for

• the type 1 events $\sim E(dN_1(t) | D > t)$
• the terminal event $\sim E(dN_d(t) | D > t)$

and is defined as $\mu_1(t)=E(N_1^*(t))$$$\begin{align} \int_0^t S(u) d R_1(u) \end{align}$$ where $S(t)=P(D \geq t)$ and $dR_1(t) = E(dN_1^*(t) | D > t)$

and can therefore be estimated by a

• Kaplan-Meier estimator, $\hat S(u)$
• Nelson-Aalen estimator for $R_1(t)$

$$\begin{align} \hat R_1(t) & = \sum_i \int_0^t \frac{1}{Y_\bullet (s)} dN_{1i}(s) \end{align}$$ where $Y_{\bullet}(t)= \sum_i Y_i(t)$ such that the estimator is $$\begin{align} \hat \mu_1(t) & = \int_0^t \hat S(u) d\hat R_1(u). \end{align}$$

Cook & Lawless (1997), and developed further in Gosh & Lin (2000).

The variance can be estimated based on the asymptotic expansion of $\hat \mu_1(t) - \mu_1(t)$$$\begin{align*} & \sum_i \int_0^t \frac{S(s)}{\pi(s)} dM_{i1} - \mu_1(t) \int_0^t \frac{1}{\pi(s)} dM_i^d + \int_0^t \frac{\mu_1(s) }{\pi(s)} dM_i^d, \end{align*}$$

with mean-zero processes

• $M_i^d(t) = N_i^D(t)- \int_0^t Y_i(s) d \Lambda^D(s)$,
• $M_{i1}(t) = N_{i1}(t) - \int_0^t Y_{i}(s) dR_1(s)$.

as in Gosh & Lin (2000)

Generating data

We start by generating some data to illustrate the computation of the marginal mean

library(mets)
library(timereg)
set.seed(1000) # to control output in simulatins for p-values below.

data(base1cumhaz)
data(base4cumhaz)
data(drcumhaz)
ddr <- drcumhaz
base1 <- base1cumhaz
base4 <- base4cumhaz
rr <- simRecurrent(200,base1,death.cumhaz=ddr)
rr$x <- rnorm(nrow(rr)) 
rr$strata <- floor((rr$id-0.01)/100)
dlist(rr,.~id| id %in% c(1,7,9))
#> id: 1
#>     entry  time   status rr2 dtime fdeath death start  stop   rr1 x      
#> 1      0.0  451.1 1      1   3291  1      0        0.0  451.1 1    1.5212
#> 201  451.1 2687.9 1      1   3291  1      0      451.1 2687.9 1    0.3290
#> 337 2687.9 3290.8 0      1   3291  1      1     2687.9 3290.8 1   -0.4887
#>     strata
#> 1   0     
#> 201 0     
#> 337 0     
#> ------------------------------------------------------------ 
#> id: 7
#>   entry time  status rr2 dtime fdeath death start stop  rr1 x        strata
#> 7 0     658.3 0      1   658.3 1      1     0     658.3 1   -0.04719 0     
#> ------------------------------------------------------------ 
#> id: 9
#>     entry time  status rr2 dtime fdeath death start stop  rr1 x       strata
#> 9     0.0 433.5 1      1   505.3 1      0       0.0 433.5 1   -0.3530 0     
#> 205 433.5 505.3 0      1   505.3 1      1     433.5 505.3 1    0.7694 0

The status variable keeps track of the recurrent evnts and their type, and death the timing of death.

To compute the marginal mean we simly estimate the two rates functions of the number of events of interest and death by using the phreg function (to start without covariates). Then the estimates are combined with standard error computation in the recurrentMarginal function

#  to fit non-parametric models with just a baseline 
xr <- phreg(Surv(entry,time,status)~cluster(id),data=rr)
dr <- phreg(Surv(entry,time,death)~cluster(id),data=rr)
par(mfrow=c(1,3))
bplot(dr,se=TRUE)
title(main="death")
bplot(xr,se=TRUE)
# robust standard errors 
rxr <-   robust.phreg(xr,fixbeta=1)
bplot(rxr,se=TRUE,robust=TRUE,add=TRUE,col=4)

# marginal mean of expected number of recurrent events 
out <- recurrentMarginal(xr,dr)
bplot(out,se=TRUE,ylab="marginal mean",col=2)

We can also extract the estimate in different time-points

summary(out,times=c(1000,2000))
#>   times mean   se-mean  CI-2.5% CI-97.5% strata
#> 1  1000 1.29 0.0989616 1.109913 1.499306      0
#> 2  2000 1.81 0.1381837 1.558450 2.102153      0

The marginal mean can also be estimated in a stratified case:

xr <- phreg(Surv(entry,time,status)~strata(strata)+cluster(id),data=rr)
dr <- phreg(Surv(entry,time,death)~strata(strata)+cluster(id),data=rr)
par(mfrow=c(1,3))
bplot(dr,se=TRUE)
title(main="death")
bplot(xr,se=TRUE)
rxr <-   robust.phreg(xr,fixbeta=1)
bplot(rxr,se=TRUE,robust=TRUE,add=TRUE,col=1:2)

out <- recurrentMarginal(xr,dr)
bplot(out,se=TRUE,ylab="marginal mean",col=1:2)

Further, if we adjust for covariates for the two rates we can still do predictions of marginal mean, what can be plotted is the baseline marginal mean, that is for the covariates equal to 0 for both models. Predictions for specific covariates can also be obtained with the recmarg (recurren marginal mean used solely for predictions without standard error computation).

# cox case
xr <- phreg(Surv(entry,time,status)~x+cluster(id),data=rr)
dr <- phreg(Surv(entry,time,death)~x+cluster(id),data=rr)
par(mfrow=c(1,3))
bplot(dr,se=TRUE)
title(main="death")
bplot(xr,se=TRUE)
rxr <- robust.phreg(xr)
bplot(rxr,se=TRUE,robust=TRUE,add=TRUE,col=1:2)

out <- recurrentMarginal(xr,dr)
bplot(out,se=TRUE,ylab="marginal mean",col=1:2)

# predictions witout se's 
outX <- recmarg(xr,dr,Xr=1,Xd=1)
bplot(outX,add=TRUE,col=3)

Here I simulate multiple types and two causes of death causes of death

rr <- simRecurrentIII(100,list(base1,base1,base4),death.cumhaz=list(ddr,base4),cens=3/5000,dependence=0)
dtable(rr,~status+death,level=2)
#> 
#>      status
#> death   0   1   2   3
#>     0  38 113 119   8
#>     1  51   0   0   0
#>     2  11   0   0   0
mets:::showfitsimIII(rr,list(base1,base1,base4),list(ddr,base4))

Improving efficiency

We now simulate some data where there is strong heterogenity such that we can improve the efficiency for censored survival data. The augmentation is a regression on the history for each subject consisting of the specified terms terms: Nt, Nt2 (Nt squared), expNt (exp(-Nt)), NtexpNt (Nt*exp(-Nt)) or by simply specifying these directly. This was developed in Cortese and Scheike (2022).

rr <- simRecurrentII(200,base1,base4,death.cumhaz=ddr,cens=3/5000,dependence=4,var.z=1)
rr <-  count.history(rr)

rr <- transform(rr,statusD=status)
rr <- dtransform(rr,statusD=3,death==1)
dtable(rr,~statusD+status+death,level=2,response=1)
#> 
#>       statusD
#> status   0   1   2   3
#>      0  95   0   0 105
#>      1   0 287   0   0
#>      2   0   0  32   0
#> 
#>      statusD
#> death   0   1   2   3
#>     0  95 287  32   0
#>     1   0   0   0 105

xr <- phreg(Surv(start,stop,status==1)~cluster(id),data=rr)
dr <- phreg(Surv(start,stop,death)~cluster(id),data=rr)
# marginal mean of expected number of recurrent events 
out <- recurrentMarginal(xr,dr)

times <- 500*(1:10)
recEFF1 <- recurrentMarginalAIPCW(Event(start,stop,statusD)~cluster(id),data=rr,times=times,cens.code=0,
                   death.code=3,cause=1,augment.model=~Nt)
with( recEFF1, cbind(times,muP,semuP,muPAt,semuPAt,semuPAt/semuP))
#>       times       muP      semuP     muPAt    semuPAt          
#>  [1,]   500 0.7883893 0.08775967 0.8057351 0.08751332 0.9971929
#>  [2,]  1000 1.1244065 0.13070316 1.1668609 0.12959723 0.9915386
#>  [3,]  1500 1.5822884 0.19192917 1.6166893 0.18909020 0.9852082
#>  [4,]  2000 2.1152757 0.28820098 2.1048191 0.26294823 0.9123780
#>  [5,]  2500 2.6582616 0.40030720 2.4874446 0.31938256 0.7978437
#>  [6,]  3000 3.0780951 0.52159370 2.7085295 0.36263192 0.6952383
#>  [7,]  3500 3.4874035 0.57804925 2.9020299 0.43312174 0.7492817
#>  [8,]  4000 3.7493609 0.62909428 3.0480868 0.48090357 0.7644380
#>  [9,]  4500 3.7493609 0.62909428 3.0480868 0.48090357 0.7644380
#> [10,]  5000 3.7493609 0.62909428 3.0480868 0.48090357 0.7644380

times <- 500*(1:10)
###recEFF14 <- recurrentMarginalAIPCW(Event(start,stop,statusD)~cluster(id),data=rr,times=times,cens.code=0,
###death.code=3,cause=1,augment.model=~Nt+Nt2+expNt+NtexpNt)
###with(recEFF14,cbind(times,muP,semuP,muPAt,semuPAt,semuPAt/semuP))

recEFF14 <- recurrentMarginalAIPCW(Event(start,stop,statusD)~cluster(id),data=rr,times=times,cens.code=0,
death.code=3,cause=1,augment.model=~Nt+I(Nt^2)+I(exp(-Nt))+ I( Nt*exp(-Nt)))
with(recEFF14,cbind(times,muP,semuP,muPAt,semuPAt,semuPAt/semuP))
#>       times       muP      semuP     muPAt    semuPAt          
#>  [1,]   500 0.7883893 0.08775967 0.7905297 0.08726473 0.9943603
#>  [2,]  1000 1.1244065 0.13070316 1.1395816 0.12910248 0.9877533
#>  [3,]  1500 1.5822884 0.19192917 1.5732924 0.18709270 0.9748008
#>  [4,]  2000 2.1152757 0.28820098 1.9996717 0.25896134 0.8985443
#>  [5,]  2500 2.6582616 0.40030720 2.3825506 0.30941522 0.7729444
#>  [6,]  3000 3.0780951 0.52159370 2.4772598 0.34057804 0.6529566
#>  [7,]  3500 3.4874035 0.57804925 2.5423090 0.39879811 0.6899033
#>  [8,]  4000 3.7493609 0.62909428 2.5658396 0.42374850 0.6735850
#>  [9,]  4500 3.7493609 0.62909428 2.5658396 0.42374850 0.6735850
#> [10,]  5000 3.7493609 0.62909428 2.5658396 0.42374850 0.6735850

bplot(out,se=TRUE,ylab="marginal mean",col=2)
k <- 1
for (t in times) {
    ci1 <- c(recEFF1$muPAt[k]-1.96*recEFF1$semuPAt[k],
             recEFF1$muPAt[k]+1.96*recEFF1$semuPAt[k])
    ci2 <- c(recEFF1$muP[k]-1.96*recEFF1$semuP[k],
             recEFF1$muP[k]+1.96*recEFF1$semuP[k])
    lines(rep(t,2)-2,ci2,col=2,lty=1,lwd=2)
    lines(rep(t,2)+2,ci1,col=1,lty=1,lwd=2)
    k <- k+1
}
legend("bottomright",c("Eff-pred"),lty=1,col=c(1,3))

In the case where covariates might be important but we are still interested in the marginal mean we can also augment wrt these covariates

n <- 200
X <- matrix(rbinom(n*2,1,0.5),n,2)
colnames(X) <- paste("X",1:2,sep="")
###
r1 <- exp( X %*% c(0.3,-0.3))
rd <- exp( X %*% c(0.3,-0.3))
rc <- exp( X %*% c(0,0))
fz <- NULL
rr <- mets:::simGLcox(n,base1,ddr,var.z=0,r1=r1,rd=rd,rc=rc,fz,model="twostage",cens=3/5000) 
rr <- cbind(rr,X[rr$id+1,])

dtable(rr,~statusD+status+death,level=2,response=1)
#> 
#>       statusD
#> status   0   1   3
#>      0  86   0 114
#>      1   0 584   0
#> 
#>      statusD
#> death   0   1   3
#>     0  86 396   0
#>     1   0 188 114

times <- seq(500,5000,by=500)
recEFF1x <- recurrentMarginalAIPCW(Event(start,stop,statusD)~cluster(id),data=rr,times=times,
                   cens.code=0,death.code=3,cause=1,augment.model=~X1+X2)
with(recEFF1x, cbind(muP,muPA,muPAt,semuP,semuPA,semuPAt,semuPAt/semuP))
#>            muP     muPA    muPAt      semuP     semuPA    semuPAt          
#>  [1,] 1.048797 1.041365 1.037753 0.08722635 0.08710396 0.08701823 0.9976140
#>  [2,] 1.821124 1.803973 1.785595 0.15935610 0.15840140 0.15825132 0.9930672
#>  [3,] 2.507231 2.459431 2.466326 0.22858120 0.22557601 0.22497497 0.9842234
#>  [4,] 3.402783 3.306165 3.305969 0.33359534 0.32597388 0.32473520 0.9734405
#>  [5,] 4.103953 4.067034 3.988912 0.42935713 0.42480571 0.42197375 0.9828036
#>  [6,] 4.981871 4.960978 4.880440 0.61935904 0.61169264 0.60738655 0.9806696
#>  [7,] 5.822659 5.903066 5.755781 0.85832570 0.83711396 0.82758340 0.9641834
#>  [8,] 6.977489 7.043288 6.890696 1.17681304 1.14359505 1.10953199 0.9428277
#>  [9,] 7.542910 7.616148 7.327451 1.25610973 1.23432570 1.20129472 0.9563613
#> [10,] 8.056929 7.993268 7.672123 1.33485953 1.32500121 1.29382677 0.9692606

xr <- phreg(Surv(start,stop,status==1)~cluster(id),data=rr)
dr <- phreg(Surv(start,stop,death)~cluster(id),data=rr)
out <- recurrentMarginal(xr,dr)
mets::summaryTimeobject(out$times,out$mu,times=times,se.mu=out$se.mu)
#>    times      mean    se-mean   CI-2.5%  CI-97.5%
#> 1    500 0.7221083 0.04977059 0.6308601 0.8265547
#> 2   1000 0.9838696 0.08493678 0.8307159 1.1652591
#> 3   1500 1.1002233 0.10835948 0.9070801 1.3344923
#> 4   2000 1.1682893 0.13539495 0.9308967 1.4662207
#> 5   2500 1.2043173 0.15523610 0.9354473 1.5504671
#> 6   3000 1.2315813 0.17433185 0.9331947 1.6253764
#> 7   3500 1.2551414 0.19303517 0.9284943 1.6967040
#> 8   4000 1.2875013 0.22042825 0.9204792 1.8008658
#> 9   4500 1.3033452 0.23379433 0.9169970 1.8524691
#> 10  5000 1.3177487 0.24628963 0.9135631 1.9007572

Regression models for the marginal mean

One can also do regression modelling , using the model $$\begin{align*} E(N_1(t) | X) & = \Lambda_0(t) \exp(X^T \beta) \end{align*}$$ then Ghost-Lin suggested IPCW score equations that are implemented in the recreg function of mets.

First we generate data that from a Ghosh-Lin model with $\beta=(-0.3,0.3)$ and the baseline given by base1, this is done under the assumption that the death rate given covariates are on Cox form with baseline ddr:

n <- 100
X <- matrix(rbinom(n*2,1,0.5),n,2)
colnames(X) <- paste("X",1:2,sep="")
###
r1 <- exp( X %*% c(0.3,-0.3))
rd <- exp( X %*% c(0.3,-0.3))
rc <- exp( X %*% c(0,0))
fz <- NULL
rr <- mets:::simGLcox(n,base1,ddr,var.z=1,r1=r1,rd=rd,rc=rc,fz,cens=1/5000,type=2) 
rr <- cbind(rr,X[rr$id+1,])

 out  <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=1,death.code=3,cens.code=0)
 outs <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=1,death.code=3,cens.code=0,
        cens.model=~strata(X1,X2))
 summary(out)$coef
#>      Estimate      S.E.    dU^-1/2   P-value
#> X1  0.3382084 0.4404489 0.09219668 0.4425633
#> X2 -0.5158296 0.4534145 0.08860515 0.2552643
 summary(outs)$coef
#>      Estimate      S.E.    dU^-1/2   P-value
#> X1  0.1141424 0.3903867 0.09359494 0.7699939
#> X2 -0.5951611 0.4079918 0.08906403 0.1446319

 ## checking baseline
 par(mfrow=c(1,1))
 bplot(out)
 bplot(outs,add=TRUE,col=2)
 lines(scalecumhaz(base1,1),col=3,lwd=2)

We note that for the extended censoring model we gain a little efficiency and that the estimates are close to the true values.

Also possible to do IPCW regression at fixed time-point

 outipcw  <- recregIPCW(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=1,death.code=3,
            cens.code=0,times=2000)
 outipcws <- recregIPCW(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=1,death.code=3,
            cens.code=0,times=2000,cens.model=~strata(X1,X2))
 summary(outipcw)$coef
#>               Estimate   Std.Err       2.5%     97.5%      P-value
#> (Intercept)  1.4450630 0.2611588  0.9332011 1.9569249 3.143108e-08
#> X1           0.2054770 0.3689190 -0.5175910 0.9285451 5.775476e-01
#> X2          -0.4861318 0.3580637 -1.1879237 0.2156601 1.745689e-01
 summary(outipcws)$coef
#>                Estimate   Std.Err       2.5%     97.5%      P-value
#> (Intercept)  1.50914396 0.2620179  0.9955982 2.0226897 8.426504e-09
#> X1           0.09860899 0.3490306 -0.5854783 0.7826963 7.775429e-01
#> X2          -0.47761299 0.3400627 -1.1441237 0.1888977 1.601745e-01

We can also do the Mao-Lin type composite outcome where we both count the cause 1 and deaths for example $$\begin{align*} E(N_1(t) + I(D<t,\epsilon=3) | X) & = \Lambda_0(t) \exp(X^T \beta) \end{align*}$$

 out  <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=c(1,3),
        death.code=3,cens.code=0)
 summary(out)$coef
#>      Estimate      S.E.    dU^-1/2   P-value
#> X1  0.3043595 0.3823177 0.08592529 0.4259794
#> X2 -0.4742779 0.3962738 0.08286462 0.2313675

Also demonstrate that this can be done with competing risks death (change some of the cause 3 deaths to cause 4) $$\begin{align*} E(w_1 N_1(t) + w_2 I(D<t,\epsilon=3) | X) & = \Lambda_0(t) \exp(X^T \beta) \end{align*}$$ and with weights $w_1,w_2$ that follow the causes, here 1 and 3.

 rr$binf <- rbinom(nrow(rr),1,0.5) 
 rr$statusDC <- rr$statusD
 rr <- dtransform(rr,statusDC=4, statusD==3 & binf==0)
 rr$weight <- 1
 rr <- dtransform(rr,weight=2,statusDC==3)

 outC  <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusDC)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=c(1,3),
         death.code=c(3,4),cens.code=0)
 summary(outC)$coef
#>      Estimate      S.E.    dU^-1/2   P-value
#> X1  0.3040292 0.4085561 0.08891149 0.4567825
#> X2 -0.5025987 0.4253220 0.08588151 0.2373287

 outCW  <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusDC)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=c(1,3),
          death.code=c(3,4),cens.code=0,wcomp=c(1,2))
 summary(outCW)$coef
#>      Estimate      S.E.    dU^-1/2   P-value
#> X1  0.2740041 0.3817591 0.08597675 0.4729172
#> X2 -0.4908230 0.4009705 0.08339607 0.2209192

 bplot(out,ylab="Mean composite")
 bplot(outC,col=2,add=TRUE)
 bplot(outCW,col=3,add=TRUE)

Predictions and standard errors can be computed via the iid decompositions of the baseline and the regression coefficients. We illustrate this for the standard Ghosh-Lin model and it requires that the model is fitted with the option cox.prep=TRUE

out  <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=1,death.code=3,cens.code=0,
           cox.prep=TRUE)
summary(out)
#> 
#>    n events
#>  626    526
#> 
#>  100 clusters
#> coeffients:
#>     Estimate      S.E.   dU^-1/2 P-value
#> X1  0.338208  0.440449  0.092197  0.4426
#> X2 -0.515830  0.453415  0.088605  0.2553
#> 
#> exp(coeffients):
#>    Estimate    2.5%  97.5%
#> X1  1.40243 0.59152 3.3250
#> X2  0.59701 0.24549 1.4519
baseiid <- IIDbaseline.cifreg(out,time=3000)
GLprediid(baseiid,rr[1:5,])
#>          pred    se-log    lower    upper
#> [1,] 7.491016 0.3329986 3.900244 14.38764
#> [2,] 7.491016 0.3329986 3.900244 14.38764
#> [3,] 7.491016 0.3329986 3.900244 14.38764
#> [4,] 7.491016 0.3329986 3.900244 14.38764
#> [5,] 7.491016 0.3329986 3.900244 14.38764

The Ghosh-Lin model can be made more efficient by the regression augmentation method. First computing the augmentation and then in a second step the augmented estimator (Cortese and Scheike (2023)):

 outA  <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,cause=1,death.code=3,
         cens.code=0,augment.model=~Nt+X1+X2)
 summary(outA)$coef
#>      Estimate      S.E.    dU^-1/2   P-value
#> X1  0.3561797 0.4059643 0.09238904 0.3802872
#> X2 -0.6573313 0.4122291 0.08988930 0.1108067

We note that the simple augmentation improves the standard errors as expected. The data was generated assuming independence with previous number of events so it would suffice to augment only with the covariates.

Two-stage modelling

Above we simulated data with a terminal event on Cox form and recurrent events satisfying the Ghosh-Lin model.

Now we fit the two-stage model (the recreg must be called with cox.prep=TRUE)

 out  <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr,
        cause=1,death.code=3,cens.code=0,cox.prep=TRUE)
 outs <- phreg(Event(start,stop,statusD==3)~X1+X2+cluster(id),data=rr)

 tsout <- twostageREC(outs,out,data=rr)
 summary(tsout)
#> Ghosh-Lin(recurrent)-Cox(terminal) mean model
#> 
#>  100 clusters
#> coeffients:
#>             Estimate Std.Err    2.5%   97.5% P-value
#> dependence1  0.70754 0.11720 0.47783 0.93725       0
#> 
#> var,shared:
#>             Estimate Std.Err    2.5%   97.5% P-value
#> dependence1  0.70754 0.11720 0.47783 0.93725       0

Standard errors are computed assuming that the parameters of out and outs are both known, and therefore propobly a bit to small. We could do a bootstrap to get more reliable standard errors.

Simulations with specific structure

The function simGLcox can simulate data where the recurrent process has mean on Ghosh-Lin form. The key is that $$\begin{align*} E(N_1(t) | X) & = \Lambda_0(t) \exp(X^T \beta) = \int_0^t S(t|X,Z) dR(t|X,Z) \end{align*}$$ where $Z$ is a possible frailty. Therefore $$\begin{align*} R(t|X,Z) & = \frac{Z \Lambda_0(t) \exp(X^T \beta) }{S(t|X,Z)} \end{align*}$$ leads to a Ghosh-Lin model. We can choose the survival model to have Cox form among survivors by the option model=“twostage”, otherwise model=“frailty” uses the survival model with rate $Z \lambda_d(t) rd$. The $Z$ is gamma distributed with a variance that can be specified. The simulations are based on a piecwise-linear approximation of the hazard functions for $S(t|X,Z)$ and $R(t|X,Z)$.

n <- 100
X <- matrix(rbinom(n*2,1,0.5),n,2)
colnames(X) <- paste("X",1:2,sep="")
###
r1 <- exp( X %*% c(0.3,-0.3))
rd <- exp( X %*% c(0.3,-0.3))
rc <- exp( X %*% c(0,0))
rr <- mets:::simGLcox(n,base1,ddr,var.z=0,r1=r1,rd=rd,rc=rc,model="twostage",cens=3/5000) 
rr <- cbind(rr,X[rr$id+1,])

We can also simulate from models where the terminal event is on Cox form and the rate among survivors is on Cox form.

• $E(dN_1 | D>t, X) = \lambda_1(t) r_1$
• $E(dN_d | D>t, X) = \lambda_d(t) r_d$

underlying these models we have a shared frailty model

rr <- mets:::simGLcox(100,base1,ddr,var.z=1,r1=r1,rd=rd,rc=rc,type=3,cens=3/5000) 
rr <- cbind(rr,X[rr$id+1,])
margsurv <- phreg(Surv(start,stop,statusD==3)~X1+X2+cluster(id),rr)
recurrent <- phreg(Surv(start,stop,statusD==1)~X1+X2+cluster(id),rr)
estimate(margsurv)
#>    Estimate Std.Err     2.5%  97.5% P-value
#> X1   0.5954  0.2680  0.07017 1.1207  0.0263
#> X2  -0.3676  0.2593 -0.87589 0.1407  0.1563
estimate(recurrent)
#>    Estimate Std.Err    2.5%   97.5%   P-value
#> X1   0.9617  0.2707  0.4311  1.4923 0.0003816
#> X2  -0.8636  0.2535 -1.3604 -0.3668 0.0006568
par(mfrow=c(1,2)); 
plot(margsurv); lines(ddr,col=3); 
plot(recurrent); lines(base1,col=3)

We can simulate data with underlying dependence fromm the two-stage model (simGLcox) or using simRecurrent random effects models, for Cox-Cox or Ghosh-Lin-Cox models.

Here with marginals on - Cox- Cox form - Ghosh-Lin - Cox form

Draws covariates from data and simulates data that has the marginals given.

simcoxcox <- sim.recurrent(recurrent,margsurv,n=10,data=rr)

recurrentGL <- recreg(Event(start,stop,statusD)~X1+X2+cluster(id),rr,death.code=3)
simglcox <- sim.recurrent(recurrentGL,margsurv,n=10,data=rr)

Other marginal properties

The mean is a useful summary measure but it is very easy and useful to look at other simple summary measures such as the probability of exceeding $k$ events

• $P(N_1^*(t) \ge k)$
  • cumulative incidence of $T_{k} = \inf \{ t: N_1^*(t)=k \}$ with competing $D$.

that is thus equivalent to a certain cumulative incidence of $T_k$ occurring before $D$. We denote this cumulative incidence as $\hat F_k(t)$.

We note also that $N_1^*(t)^2$ can be written as $$\begin{align*} \sum_{k=0}^K \int_0^t I(D > s) I(N_1^*(s-)=k) f(k) dN_1^*(s) \end{align*}$$ with $f(k)=(k+1)^2 - k^2$, such that its mean can be written as $$\begin{align*} \sum_{k=0}^K \int_0^t S(s) f(k) P(N_1^*(s-)= k | D \geq s) E( dN_1^*(s) | N_1^*(s-)=k, D> s) \end{align*}$$ and estimated by $$\begin{align*} \tilde \mu_{1,2}(t) & = \sum_{k=0}^K \int_0^t \hat S(s) f(k) \frac{Y_{1\bullet}^k(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \frac{1}{Y_{1\bullet}^k(s)} d N_{1\bullet}^k(s)= \sum_{i=1}^n \int_0^t \hat S(s) f(N_{i1}(s-)) \frac{1}{Y_\bullet (s)} d N_{i1}(s), \end{align*}$$ That is very similar to the “product-limit” estimator for $E( (N_1^*(t))^2 )$$$\begin{align} \hat \mu_{1,2}(t) & = \sum_{k=0}^K k^2 ( \hat F_{k}(t) - \hat F_{k+1}(t) ). \end{align}$$

We use the esimator of the probabilty of exceeding “k” events based on the fact that $I(N_1^*(t) \geq k)$ is equivalent to $$\begin{align*} \int_0^t I(D > s) I(N_1^*(s-)=k-1) dN_1^*(s), \end{align*}$$ suggesting that its mean can be computed as $$\begin{align*} \int_0^t S(s) P(N_1^*(s-)= k-1 | D \geq s) E( dN_1^*(s) | N_1^*(s-)=k-1, D> s) \end{align*}$$ and estimated by $$\begin{align*} \tilde F_k(t) = \int_0^t \hat S(s) \frac{Y_{1\bullet}^{k-1}(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \frac{1}{Y_{1\bullet}^{k-1}(s)} d N_{1\bullet}^{k-1}(s). \end{align*}$$

To compute these estimators we need to set up the data by computing the number of previous events of type “1” by the count.history function

###cor.mat <- corM <- rbind(c(1.0, 0.6, 0.9), c(0.6, 1.0, 0.5), c(0.9, 0.5, 1.0))
rr <- simRecurrentII(200,base1,base4,death.cumhaz=ddr,cens=3/5000,dependence=4,var.z=1)
rr <-  count.history(rr)
dtable(rr,~death+status)
#> 
#>       status   0   1   2
#> death                   
#> 0             82 254  19
#> 1            118   0   0

oo <- prob.exceedRecurrent(rr,1)
bplot(oo)

We can also look at the mean and variance based on the estimators just described

par(mfrow=c(1,2))
with(oo,plot(time,mu,col=2,type="l"))
#
with(oo,plot(time,varN,type="l"))

We could also use the product-limit estimator to estimate the probability of exceeding “k” events, and then standard errors are also returned:

 oop <- prob.exceed.recurrent(rr,1)
 bplot(oo)
 matlines(oop$times,oop$prob,type="l")

 summaryTimeobject(oop$times,oop$prob,se.mu=oop$se.prob,times=1000)
#>            times        mean     se-mean     CI-2.5%   CI-97.5%
#> N=0         1000 0.550777038 0.038669061 0.479969240 0.63203080
#> exceed>=1   1000 0.449222962 0.038669061 0.379480331 0.53178321
#> exceed>=2   1000 0.231645969 0.033692726 0.174187053 0.30805880
#> exceed>=3   1000 0.119546109 0.026300811 0.077671718 0.18399583
#> exceed>=4   1000 0.077002181 0.021687344 0.044336484 0.13373491
#> exceed>=5   1000 0.063193036 0.020282617 0.033686828 0.11854366
#> exceed>=6   1000 0.052940788 0.019375703 0.025837766 0.10847405
#> exceed>=7   1000 0.024214085 0.013752663 0.007954441 0.07371001
#> exceed>=8   1000 0.007462918 0.007404229 0.001067543 0.05217132
#> exceed>=9   1000 0.007462918 0.007402694 0.001067974 0.05215029
#> exceed>=10  1000 0.000000000 0.000000000         NaN        NaN
#> exceed>=11  1000 0.000000000 0.000000000         NaN        NaN
#> exceed>=12  1000 0.000000000 0.000000000         NaN        NaN
#> exceed>=13  1000 0.000000000 0.000000000         NaN        NaN
#> exceed>=14  1000 0.000000000 0.000000000         NaN        NaN
#> exceed>=15  1000 0.000000000 0.000000000         NaN        NaN
#> exceed>=16  1000 0.000000000 0.000000000         NaN        NaN

We note from the plot that the estimates are quite similar.

Finally, we make a plot with 95% confidence intervals

matplot(oop$times,oop$prob,type="l")
for (i in seq(ncol(oop$prob))) 
    plotConfRegion(oop$times,cbind(oop$se.lower[,i],oop$se.upper[,i]),col=i)

Multiple events

We now generate recurrent events with two types of events. We start by generating data as before where all events are independent.

rr <- simRecurrentII(200,base1,cumhaz2=base4,death.cumhaz=ddr)
rr <-  count.history(rr)
dtable(rr,~death+status)
#> 
#>       status   0   1   2
#> death                   
#> 0             16 562  93
#> 1            184   0   0

Based on this we can estimate also the joint distribution function, that is the probability that $(N_1(t) \geq k_1, N_2(t) \geq k_2)$

# Bivariate probability of exceeding 
oo <- prob.exceedBiRecurrent(rr,1,2,exceed1=c(1,5),exceed2=c(1,2))
with(oo, matplot(time,pe1e2,type="s"))
nc <- ncol(oo$pe1e2)
legend("topleft",legend=colnames(oo$pe1e2),lty=1:nc,col=1:nc)

Dependence between events: Covariance

The dependence can also be summarised in other ways. For example by computing the covariance and comparing it to the covariance under the assumption of independence among survivors.

Covariance among two types of events $$\begin{align} \rho(t) & = \frac{ E(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t) ) - \mu_1(t) \mu_2(t) }{ \mbox{sd}(N_1^*(t)) \mbox{sd}(N_2^*(t)) } \end{align}$$ where $E(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t))$ can be computed as $$\begin{align*} E(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t)) & = E( \int_0^t N_1^*(s-) dN_2^*(s) ) + E( \int_0^t N_2^*(s-) dN_1^*(s) ) \end{align*}$$

Recall that we might have a terminal event present such that we only see $N_1^*(t \wedge D)$ and $N_2^*(t \wedge D)$.

To compute the covariance we thus compute $$\begin{align*} E(\int_0^t N_1^*(s-) dN_2^*(s) ) & = \sum_k E( \int_0^t k I(N_1^*(s-)=k) I(D \geq s) dN_2^*(s) ) \end{align*}$$$$\begin{align*} = \sum_k \int_0^t S(s) k P(N_1^*(s-)= k | D \geq s) E( dN_2^*(s) | N_1^*(s-)=k, D \geq s) \end{align*}$$ estimated by $$\begin{align*} & \sum_k \int_0^t \hat S(s) k \frac{Y_1^k(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \frac{1}{Y_1^k(s)} d \tilde N_{2,k}(s), \end{align*}$$ * $Y_j^k(t) = \sum Y_i(t) I( N_{ji}^*(s-)=k)$ for $j=1,2$, * $\tilde N_{j,k}(t) = \sum_i \int_0^t I(N_{ij^o}(s-)=k) dN_{ij}(s)$ * $j^o$ gives the other type so that $1^o=2$ and $2^o=1$.

We thus estimate $ E(N_1^(t) N_2^(t))$ by $$\begin{align*} \sum_k \int_0^t \hat S(s) k \frac{Y_1^k(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \frac{1}{Y_1^k(s)} d \tilde N_{2,k}(s) + \sum_k \int_0^t \hat S(s) k \frac{Y_2^k(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \frac{1}{Y_2^k(s)} d \tilde N_{1,k}(s). \end{align*}$$

• Without terminating event covariance is a useful nonparametric measure.
• With terminating event dependence can be generated terminating event.
• In reality what is of interest would be independence among survivors that is if
  • $N_1$ is not predicitive for $N_2$$$\begin{align} E( dN_2^*(t) | N_1^*(t-)=k, D \geq t) = E( dN_2^*(t) | D \geq t) \end{align}$$
  • $N_2$ is not predicitive for $N_1$$$\begin{align} E( dN_1^*(t) | N_2^*(t-)=k, D \geq t) = E( dN_1^*(t) | D \geq t) \end{align}$$

If the two processes are independent among survivors then $$\begin{align} E( dN_2^*(t) | N_1^*(t-)=k, D \geq t) = E( dN_2^*(t) | D \geq t) \end{align}$$ so $$\begin{align*} E( \int_0^t N_1^*(s-) dN_2^*(s) ) & = \int_0^t S(s) E(N_1^*(s-) | D \geq s) E( dN_2^*(s) | D \geq s) \end{align*}$$ and $$\begin{align*} \int_0^t \hat S(s) \{ \sum_k k \frac{Y_1^k(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \} \frac{1}{Y_\bullet (s)} dN_{2\bullet}(s), \end{align*}$$ where $N_{j\bullet}(t) = \sum_i \int_0^t dN_{j,i}(s)$.

Under the independence $E(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t))$ is estimated $$\begin{align*} \int_0^t \hat S(s) \{ \sum_k k \frac{Y_1^k(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \} \frac{1}{Y_\bullet (s)} dN_{2\bullet}(s) + \int_0^t \hat S(s) \{ \sum_k k \frac{Y_2^k(s)}{Y_\bullet (s)} \} \frac{1}{Y_\bullet (s)} dN_{1\bullet}(s). \end{align*}$$

Both estimators, $\hat E(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t))$ and $\hat E_I(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t))$, as well as $\hat E(N_1^*(t))$ and $\hat E(N_2^*(t))$, have asymptotic expansions that can be written as a sum of iid processes, similarly to the arguments of Ghosh & Lin 2000, $\sum_i \Psi_i(t)$.
We here, however, use a simple block bootstrap to get standard errors.

We can thus estimate the standard errors and of the estimators and their difference $\hat E(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t))- \hat E_I(N_1^*(t) N_2^*(t))$.

Note that we have terms for whether * $N_1$ is predicitive for $N_2$ * N1 -> N2 : $E( \int_0^t N_1^*(s-) dN_2^*(s) )$ * this is equivalent to a weighted log-rank test * $N_2$ is predicitive for $N_1$ * N2 -> N1 : $E( \int_0^t N_2^*(s-) dN_1^*(s) )$ * this is equivalent to a weighted log-rank test

rr$strata <- 1
dtable(rr,~death+status)
#> 
#>       status   0   1   2
#> death                   
#> 0             16 562  93
#> 1            184   0   0

covrp <- covarianceRecurrent(rr,1,2,status="status",death="death",
                        start="entry",stop="time",id="id",names.count="Count")
par(mfrow=c(1,3)) 
plot(covrp)

# with strata, each strata in matrix column, provides basis for fast Bootstrap
covrpS <- covarianceRecurrentS(rr,1,2,status="status",death="death",
        start="entry",stop="time",strata="strata",id="id",names.count="Count")

Bootstrap standard errors for terms

First fitting the model again to get our estimates of interst, and then computing them for some specific time-points

times <- seq(500,5000,500)

coo1 <- covarianceRecurrent(rr,1,2,status="status",start="entry",stop="time")
#
mug <- Cpred(cbind(coo1$time,coo1$EN1N2),times)[,2]
mui <- Cpred(cbind(coo1$time,coo1$EIN1N2),times)[,2]
mu2.1 <- Cpred(cbind(coo1$time,coo1$mu2.1),times)[,2]
mu2.i <- Cpred(cbind(coo1$time,coo1$mu2.i),times)[,2]
mu1.2 <- Cpred(cbind(coo1$time,coo1$mu1.2),times)[,2]
mu1.i <- Cpred(cbind(coo1$time,coo1$mu1.i),times)[,2]
cbind(times,mu2.1,mu2.i)
cbind(times,mu1.2,mu1.i)

To get the bootstrap standard errors there is a quick memory demanding function (with S for speed and strata) BootcovariancerecurrenceS and slower function that goes through the loops in R Bootcovariancerecurrence.

bt1 <- BootcovariancerecurrenceS(rr,1,2,status="status",start="entry",stop="time",K=100,times=times)
#bt1 <- Bootcovariancerecurrence(rr,1,2,status="status",start="entry",stop="time",K=K,times=times)

BCoutput <- list(bt1=bt1,mug=mug,mui=mui,
        bse.mug=bt1$se.mug,bse.mui=bt1$se.mui,
        dmugi=mug-mui,
    bse.dmugi=apply(bt1$EN1N2-bt1$EIN1N2,1,sd),
    mu2.1 = mu2.1 , mu2.i = mu2.i , dmu2.i=mu2.1-mu2.i,
    mu1.2 = mu1.2 , mu1.i = mu1.i , dmu1.i=mu1.2-mu1.i,
    bse.mu2.1=apply(bt1$mu2.i,1,sd), bse.mu2.1=apply(bt1$mu2.1,1,sd),
    bse.dmu2.i=apply(bt1$mu2.1-bt1$mu2.i,1,sd),
    bse.mu1.2=apply(bt1$mu1.2,1,sd), bse.mu1.i=apply(bt1$mu1.i,1,sd),
    bse.dmu1.i=apply(bt1$mu1.2-bt1$mu1.i,1,sd)
    )

We then look at the test for overall dependence in the different time-points. We here have no suggestion of dependence.

tt  <- BCoutput$dmugi/BCoutput$bse.dmugi
cbind(times,2*(1-pnorm(abs(tt))))

We can also take out the specific components for whether $N_1$ is predictive for $N_2$ and vice versa. We here have no suggestion of dependence.

t21  <- BCoutput$dmu1.i/BCoutput$bse.dmu1.i 
t12  <- BCoutput$dmu2.i/BCoutput$bse.dmu2.i 
cbind(times,2*(1-pnorm(abs(t21))),2*(1-pnorm(abs(t12))))

We finally plot the boostrap samples

par(mfrow=c(1,2))
matplot(BCoutput$bt1$time,BCoutput$bt1$EN1N2,type="l",lwd=0.3)
matplot(BCoutput$bt1$time,BCoutput$bt1$EIN1N2,type="l",lwd=0.3)

Looking at other simulations with dependence

Using the normally distributed random effects we plot 4 different settings. We have variance $0.5$ for all random effects and change the correlation. We let the correlation between the random effect associated with $N_1$ and $N_2$ be denoted $\rho_{12}$ and the correlation between the random effects associated between $N_j$ and $D$ the terminal event be denoted as $\rho_{j3}$, and organize all correlation in a vector $\rho=(\rho_{12},\rho_{13},\rho_{23})$.

• Scenario I $\rho=(0,0.0,0.0)$ Independence among all efects.

  data(base1cumhaz)
  data(base4cumhaz)
  data(drcumhaz)
  dr <- drcumhaz
  base1 <- base1cumhaz
  base4 <- base4cumhaz

  par(mfrow=c(1,3))
  var.z <- c(0.5,0.5,0.5)
  # death related to  both causes in same way 
  cor.mat <- corM <- rbind(c(1.0, 0.0, 0.0), c(0.0, 1.0, 0.0), c(0.0, 0.0, 1.0))
  rr <- simRecurrentII(200,base1,base4,death.cumhaz=dr,var.z=var.z,cor.mat=cor.mat,dependence=2)
  rr <- count.history(rr,types=1:2)
  cor(attr(rr,"z"))
  coo <- covarianceRecurrent(rr,1,2,status="status",start="entry",stop="time")
  plot(coo,main ="Scenario I")

• Scenario II $\rho=(0,0.5,0.5)$ Independence among survivors but dependence on terminal event

  var.z <- c(0.5,0.5,0.5)
  # death related to  both causes in same way 
  cor.mat <- corM <- rbind(c(1.0, 0.0, 0.5), c(0.0, 1.0, 0.5), c(0.5, 0.5, 1.0))
  rr <- simRecurrentII(200,base1,base4,death.cumhaz=dr,var.z=var.z,cor.mat=cor.mat,dependence=2)
  rr <- count.history(rr,types=1:2)
  coo <- covarianceRecurrent(rr,1,2,status="status",start="entry",stop="time")
  par(mfrow=c(1,3))
  plot(coo,main ="Scenario II")

• Scenario III $\rho=(0.5,0.5,0.5)$ Positive dependence among survivors and dependence on terminal event

  var.z <- c(0.5,0.5,0.5)
  # positive dependence for N1 and N2 all related in same way
  cor.mat <- corM <- rbind(c(1.0, 0.5, 0.5), c(0.5, 1.0, 0.5), c(0.5, 0.5, 1.0))
  rr <- simRecurrentII(200,base1,base4,death.cumhaz=dr,var.z=var.z,cor.mat=cor.mat,dependence=2)
  rr <- count.history(rr,types=1:2)
  coo <- covarianceRecurrent(rr,1,2,status="status",start="entry",stop="time")
  par(mfrow=c(1,3))
  plot(coo,main="Scenario III")

• Scenario IV $\rho=(-0.4,0.5,0.5)$ Negative dependence among survivors and positive dependence on terminal event

  var.z <- c(0.5,0.5,0.5)
  # negative dependence for N1 and N2 all related in same way
  cor.mat <- corM <- rbind(c(1.0, -0.4, 0.5), c(-0.4, 1.0, 0.5), c(0.5, 0.5, 1.0))
  rr <- simRecurrentII(200,base1,base4,death.cumhaz=dr,var.z=var.z,cor.mat=cor.mat,dependence=2)
  rr <- count.history(rr,types=1:2)
  coo <- covarianceRecurrent(rr,1,2,status="status",start="entry",stop="time")
  par(mfrow=c(1,3))
  plot(coo,main="Scenario IV")

SessionInfo

sessionInfo()
#> R version 4.4.2 (2024-10-31)
#> Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu
#> Running under: Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
#> 
#> Matrix products: default
#> BLAS:   /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3 
#> LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libopenblasp-r0.3.26.so;  LAPACK version 3.12.0
#> 
#> locale:
#>  [1] LC_CTYPE=C.UTF-8       LC_NUMERIC=C           LC_TIME=C.UTF-8       
#>  [4] LC_COLLATE=C.UTF-8     LC_MONETARY=C.UTF-8    LC_MESSAGES=C.UTF-8   
#>  [7] LC_PAPER=C.UTF-8       LC_NAME=C              LC_ADDRESS=C          
#> [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C         LC_MEASUREMENT=C.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C   
#> 
#> time zone: UTC
#> tzcode source: system (glibc)
#> 
#> attached base packages:
#> [1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     
#> 
#> other attached packages:
#> [1] mets_1.3.5     timereg_2.0.6  survival_3.7-0
#> 
#> loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
#>  [1] cli_3.6.3           knitr_1.49          rlang_1.1.4        
#>  [4] xfun_0.50           textshaping_0.4.1   jsonlite_1.8.9     
#>  [7] listenv_0.9.1       future.apply_1.11.3 lava_1.8.0         
#> [10] htmltools_0.5.8.1   ragg_1.3.3          sass_0.4.9         
#> [13] rmarkdown_2.29      grid_4.4.2          evaluate_1.0.3     
#> [16] jquerylib_0.1.4     fastmap_1.2.0       mvtnorm_1.3-3      
#> [19] numDeriv_2016.8-1.1 yaml_2.3.10         lifecycle_1.0.4    
#> [22] compiler_4.4.2      codetools_0.2-20    fs_1.6.5           
#> [25] Rcpp_1.0.13-1       future_1.34.0       systemfonts_1.1.0  
#> [28] lattice_0.22-6      digest_0.6.37       R6_2.5.1           
#> [31] parallelly_1.41.0   parallel_4.4.2      splines_4.4.2      
#> [34] bslib_0.8.0         Matrix_1.7-1        tools_4.4.2        
#> [37] globals_0.16.3      pkgdown_2.1.1       cachem_1.1.0       
#> [40] desc_1.4.3